ArticleEnvironmental research2026
Prenatal exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers and maternal immune responses in three ECHO cohorts.
Article in Environmental research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Pollutant Burden in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Mechanistic Convergence, Genetic Susceptibility, and Clinical Translation.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers may alter maternal immune responses; yet epidemiologic evidence in pregnant populations remains limited. We pooled data from 410 pregnant participants across three Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort sites. During mid-to late-pregnancy, spot urine was collected for OPE metabolite quantification, followed by plasma/serum collection for immune markers on the same day or thereafter. Twelve immune markers available in at least two sites were included. We estimated associations between log2-transformed OPE metabolite concentrations and log2-transformed, site-specific z-scored immune marker levels using linear mixed-effects regression with site as a random effect for pooled analyses, and linear regression for site-specific analyses. We conducted exploratory analyses to evaluate effect modification by race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy obesity, and fetal sex. We observed associations between bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and elevated interleukin (IL)-8 levels in the pooled sample (β per doubling = 0.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02-0.11) and in both contributing sites. Associations between other OPE metabolites and immune markers were not consistently observed across study sites. Participants with a race/ethnicity other than non-Hispanic White showed stronger associations of diphenyl phosphate (β = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.04-0.28) and bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (β = 0.04, 95% CI: -0.01-0.09) with higher tumor necrosis factor-α. Sex-dimorphic associations for IL-6 were observed, with directions varying by OPE metabolite. This U.S. multi-site study suggests certain OPE exposure may be positively associated with maternal IL-8 levels. Such immune responses could alter the intrauterine environment, warranting further investigation into the downstream effects on child health, given the limited current evidence.
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