ArticleInternational journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery2026
Augmented reality enhanced physical simulation for femoral nailing training.
Article in International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeCurrent femoral nailing simulators face a trade-off between delivering procedural guidance and realistic haptic feedback. This study aimed to address this limitation by developing and evaluating an augmented reality (AR)-enhanced physical simulator that combines real surgical instruments with AR-based visualization. The system provides spatial feedback on fluoroscopic imaging orientation and implant placement within hidden anatomical structures, supporting self-directed learning.
methodsA hybrid simulator integrating a synthetic femur, real surgical instruments, and an AR interface on the Apple Vision Pro was developed. The AR application introduces users to fluoroscopic imaging and implant placement-covering nail insertion and alignment. After completing this AR-guided phase, 25 participants (6 experts and 19 non-experts) performed three unguided simulation runs followed by one retention session. Performance metrics included task completion time, number of simulated fluoroscopic images, and implant placement accuracy.
resultsData from 23 participants were analyzed. Task completion time decreased across simulation runs (insertion: -47.1%; alignment: -57.4%) and remained stable during retention. The number of simulated fluoroscopic images declined (insertion: -45.6%; alignment: -49.2%). Implant placement accuracy remained stable. Experts consistently performed faster than non-experts, with performance differences decreasing across simulation runs.
conclusionThe AR-enhanced physical simulator led to clear learning effects in procedural efficiency and radiographic handling while maintaining consistent implant accuracy. These findings support AR as a valuable tool to enhance accessibility, spatial learning, and realism in simulation-based surgical training, representing a further step in the ongoing shift toward simulation-based surgical training.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42250193What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.