Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial actions of extracellular vesicles in vaginal infections: implications for female infertility.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes (EXOs) and microvesicles, are small particles surrounded by lipid bilayers that almost all cell types produce. They are essential for cell signaling because they transport bioactive molecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids. The amount and make-up of EXOs are linked to several illnesses, including inflammatory diseases, cancer, metabolic diseases, and the one we're communicating about here, female infertility. Bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites are just a few of the organisms known to affect the reproductive system in both men and women. EVs are very important for reproductive health, and they can be a cause of infections that make women unable to have children. EVs play a significant role in cell communication and can influence both healthy and pathological processes in the female reproductive system. We looked into the use of EVs as an alternative way to treat vaginal infections (VIs), like bacterial vaginosis, viral vaginitis, and vaginal yeast infections, because traditional treatments for these diseases have some problems. In this study, we also examined the role of EVs in infertility associated with VI. Then, the pros and cons of this method for treating this sickness in the future are discussed.