ReviewNeuromolecular medicine2026
Sexual Dimorphism in Spinal Cord Injury: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Translation.
Review in Neuromolecular medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) shows pronounced biological sex differences in incidence and short-term outcomes, yet mechanistic studies and therapeutic development are not consistently sex-informed. Here we summarize evidence that sex hormones, sex-chromosome effects and immune-glial interactions shape key components of the secondary injury cascade, including blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, cell death and remyelination. Estrogens and progesterone generally support barrier stabilization, temper leukocyte infiltration, bias microglia/macrophages toward reparative programs, and promote neurotrophin signaling and myelin repair. In males, post-injury androgen deficiency together with stronger early innate immune activation may exacerbate oxidative damage, demyelination and scar formation, potentially limiting plasticity. Clinical evidence remains limited and confounded, but available data support the need for adequately powered, sex-stratified trials, particularly for time-sensitive hormonal and immunomodulatory interventions. Incorporating sex as a biological variable in experimental design and translation may improve target selection, dosing and therapeutic windows for SCI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.