ArticleEmerging microbes & infections2026
Compartmentalized cytokine networks and systemic immune remodelling in bovine mammary H5N1 infection.
Article in Emerging microbes & infections, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mammary Gland Tropism and Milk-Mediated Transmission of H5N1 in Dairy Cattle: Implications for One Health Surveillance.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Distinct influenza interfaces in cattle: repeated spillovers of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) from wild birds and enzootic circulation of influenza D virus.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
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14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 has recently expanded its mammalian host range; in 2024, genotype B3.13 emerged in U.S. dairy cattle with pronounced mammary tropism. In the past, Influenza A virus immunology has been characterized primarily in respiratory infection models, whereas this study delineates immune responses after intramammary infection. Following intramammary H5N1 challenge of Jersey cows in the early dry-off period, an integrated characterization of dose- and compartment-specific (alveoli versus teat cistern) cytokine and chemokine profiles with peripheral leukocyte dynamics and H5- or N1-specific antibody responses was performed. The results indicate that infection-induced, quarter-restricted, monophasic inflammatory networks peak at 3-7 days post-infection, accompanied by coordinated peripheral myeloid expansion and IFN-γ-competent lymphocyte activation, and rising antibody titres across quarters.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.