ArticleBMC nursing2026
Effect of a short virtual reality training on first-attempt hand-disinfection performance in an OSCE: a randomized controlled trial.
Article in BMC nursing, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
backgroundReliable hygienic hand-disinfection is essential for infection prevention and control. It remains unclear whether a short VR training module improves objectively assessed procedural performance compared with conventional instruction. This single-center, parallel-group randomized controlled trial examined first-opportunity hand-disinfection performance in an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) after VR training versus a video control.
methodsIn 2025, first-year nursing students at a single Austrian University of Applied Sciences were randomized (1:1) to a 20-minute VR training module with contamination visualization feedback or a time- and headset-matched instructional video control without interactivity. Randomization used block allocation (blocks of six); instructions were standardized via audio playback. Three days later, students completed a routine five-station OSCE. Hygienic hand-disinfection was required at the beginning of each of five OSCE stations and was documented within routine station checklists. Hand-disinfection ratings from the five stations were extracted from routine OSCE checklists and coded (0 = incorrect, 1 = partially correct, 2 = correct). The preregistered primary endpoint was station 1 performance. The primary hypothesis was tested with adjusted proportional-odds regression, adjusting for age, gender, and prior hygiene-course grade as a baseline indicator of hygiene-related academic performance; all other analyses were exploratory.
resultsOf 128 randomized students (VR n = 65; control n = 63), all had available station 1 hand-disinfection scores, which constituted the primary outcome. One value was missing for the prior hygiene-course grade covariate, yielding N = 127 for adjusted models. At station 1, fully correct performance occurred in 52/65 (80.0%) in VR versus 15/63 (23.8%) in control. VR training was associated with markedly better first-opportunity performance (adjusted OR = 11.16, 95% CI [4.95, 25.14], p = 5.9 × 10
conclusionA short VR training module for hand-disinfection with contamination visualization was associated with better first-opportunity OSCE hand-disinfection performance compared with a headset-delivered instructional video control. This suggests that short, feedback-rich VR training may support immediate procedural readiness under standardized assessment conditions.
trial registrationThis study was preregistered within a larger longitudinal project and later registered as a stand-alone study in the Open Science Framework (OSF) (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/3B6SC). CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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