ArticleHealth and quality of life outcomes2026
Qualitative assessment of content validity of the modified EQ-HWB-9 by patients, caregivers, and social care users in the United States.
Article in Health and quality of life outcomes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Exploration of visual analogue scale versions with the EQ-HWB-9 to measure health, social care, and carer-related quality of life: a VASt landscape.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe EQ-HWB-9 is a measure designed to capture health, social care, and caregiver-related quality of life across relevant populations. As part of ongoing development, modifications have been made to item wording, response scales, and layout informed by international collaborations. Qualitative evidence to support the content validity of the modified EQ-HWB-9 in the United States (US) is important to support its use in this major market. This study evaluated the comprehensibility, relevance, and comprehensiveness of the modified EQ-HWB-9 in US adults.
methodsUS adults with chronic health conditions, serving as unpaid caregivers, and/or social care users were purposively recruited through an online panel. Participants independently completed an online, pre-interview survey including both experimental and modified EQ-HWB-9 versions and a cognitive interview conducted online using a semi-structured interview guide. Participants compared experimental and modified wording, response scales, layout, provided item-level interpretations and examples, and discussed perceived comprehensiveness of the measure. Interviews were conducted until thematic saturation was achieved. Verbatim transcripts were qualitatively coded and analyzed using the framework method.
resultsThirty-four participants (mean age 55; 71% female) completed interviews. Most items demonstrated strong face and content validity; participants readily interpreted daily activities, exhaustion, loneliness, anxiety, sadness/depression, and pain as intended and provided rich, relevant examples. However, the mobility item was identified by several participants as applying only to users of mobility devices. Across modifications, participants preferred "difficulty" over "trouble" (cognition), "lack of control" over "no control," "a little of the time" over "only occasionally," and "moderate difficulty" over "some difficulty." Most participants found repeated question stems clearer than shared item stems. Half of respondents perceived the EQ-HWB-9 as comprehensive, with suggested additions (e.g., sleep, self-care) largely aligning with domains included in the long-form EQ-HWB.
conclusionsFindings provide qualitative support for the content validity of the modified EQ-HWB-9 in US populations and reinforce several proposed wording and response-scale refinements. Select issues identified with the wording of the mobility and control items can inform revisions in the wording of a finalized version of the EQ-HWB.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.