ReviewInternational journal of bipolar disorders2026
Thyroid hormone augmentation for bipolar disorder: a neurobiological and clinical narrative review.
Review in International journal of bipolar disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBipolar disorder (BD) is a severe, chronic psychiatric illness defined by profound and recurrent fluctuations in mood, energy, and function. Treatment is generally limited by both the efficacy and safety of available agents. Thyroid augmentation has been found to be useful to treat depression and rapid cycling in BD. Herein, we provide a narrative review of adjunctive use of thyroid hormone in BD with a specific focus on its potential mechanism of action. DISCUSSION: Ion dysregulation with mood-state-related reduced sodium pump activity and increased intracellular sodium and calcium are among the most reproduced biologic findings in manic and depressed bipolar patients. Thyroid hormone directly increases sodium pump expression and activity, and indirectly improves energy utilization in bipolar patients. Across the reviewed literature, approximately 300-350 patients received supraphysiologic doses of thyroid hormone (T3 or T4), with the majority comprising individuals with BD and yielding generally very positive outcomes and minimal harm. Thyroid hormone augmentation can improve depression and reduce rapid cycling, and while never studied to treat mania, it does not increase the risk of manic episodes in all of the studies. Inconsistencies in data are related to different dosing regimens in different studies.
conclusionThyroid hormone appears to directly correct known pathophysiologic abnormalities in patients with bipolar disorder. While additional studies are needed to confirm these findings, sufficient data are available to warrant the use of supertherapeutic thyroid hormone augmentation in selected patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.