Fedorov algorithm-optimized chemometric spectrophotometry for cefepime-tazobactam microanalysis in plasma and pharmaceuticals with integrated MA and NQS sustainability assessment.

Asmaa G Gad, Khadiga M Kelani, Amr M Mahmoud, Reham M Arafa, Ahmed Emad F Abbas

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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Asmaa G GadPostgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, El-Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.

Khadiga M KelaniPharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, El-Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt. khadigakelani@gmail.com.

Amr M MahmoudPharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, El-Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.

Reham M ArafaPharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, El-Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.

Ahmed Emad F AbbasAnalytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6 October City, Giza, 12585, Egypt.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A green, sustainability-oriented chemometric-assisted UV spectrophotometric platform was developed for the simultaneous determination of Cefepime (CFPM) and Tazobactam (TAZO) in pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma. Water served as the sole diluent, eliminating hazardous organic solvents and substantially reducing the environmental impact of the analytical procedure. Calibration and validation sets were efficiently constructed using the Fedorov exchange algorithm within Brereton's multilevel design framework, yielding 25 calibration and 13 validation mixtures and reducing experimental workload by approximately 70% compared with conventional designs. Three complementary chemometric models were evaluated: Principal Component Regression (PCR), Firefly Algorithm-assisted Partial Least Squares (FA-PLS), and Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS). Among them, MCR-ALS demonstrated superior predictive performance, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.9998 for both analytes, minimal systematic bias confirmed by Elliptical Joint Confidence Region analysis, and high robustness across pharmaceutical and plasma matrices. Limits of detection were 0.0487 and 0.0396 µg mL

Indexed as

AlgorithmsAnti-Bacterial AgentsCefepimeTazobactamCalibrationCephalosporinsHumansLeast-Squares AnalysisSpectrophotometrySpectrophotometry, UltravioletAnti-Bacterial AgentsCefepimeCephalosporinsTazobactamCefepime–tazobactamChemometric spectrophotometryFedorov optimal designFirefly algorithmGreen analytical chemistryMultivariate curve resolution (MCR-ALS)Sustainability assessment

Identifiers

PMID42248993

DOI10.1038/s41598-026-55675-7

PMCPMC13241530

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.