Observational studyJMIR mHealth and uHealth2026
The Impact of Sunlight and Artificial Light at Night on Sleep Stages: Evidence From a 7-Day Sensor-Based Observational Study.
Observational study in JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundExposure to circadian entrainers, such as sunlight, positively impacts sleep architecture, while exposure before bedtime to circadian disruptors, such as artificial light and smartphone use, can negatively affect sleep. However, real-world evidence from longitudinal observational studies that simultaneously capture these factors alongside electroencephalography-derived sleep stages remains limited.
objectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effects of specific environmental and behavioral factors on sleep metrics and architecture by using sensor-based measurements over 7 consecutive days. Specifically, it examined day-to-day associations between (1) daytime sunlight exposure and (2) prebedtime artificial light exposure and smartphone use with selected sleep outcomes on the following night.
methodsA total of 21 participants from the Jerusalem metropolitan area were monitored continuously using the Dreem wearable electroencephalography for sleep staging, HOBO data loggers for light exposure, the wGT3X+ triaxial accelerometer for physical activity, and a dedicated mobile app to record smartphone usage. Sleep outcomes included total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency (SOL), and the proportions of light sleep (N1) and deep sleep (N3). Sunlight exposure was defined as the number of hours above 1000 lux during daytime, and artificial light and smartphone use before bedtime were quantified as the duration of exposure accumulated in the 2 hours preceding sleep onset. Linear mixed-effects models with a random intercept at the individual level estimated the associations between these exposures and next-night sleep outcomes, adjusting for step count and other individual covariates.
resultsThe average TST was 420 (SD 85) minutes, and SOL averaged 17.6 (SD 18) minutes. Light sleep (N1) represented 6.6% (SD 2.1%) of sleep, and deep sleep (N3) accounted for 20.1% (SD 7.6%). Each additional hour of daytime sunlight exposure was associated with an increase of 10.67 (95% CI 0.6-20.7) minutes in TST the following night and with a 0.3 (95% CI -0.6 to -0.0) percentage-point decrease in light sleep (N1) percentage. No associations were found between evening artificial light exposure and sleep outcomes, while each minute of smartphone use before bedtime was linked to an increase in SOL of 0.2 (95% CI 0.0-0.4) minutes.
conclusionsThese findings emphasize the importance of daylight exposure for circadian alignment and the potential sleep-disruptive effects of evening digital engagement. This study demonstrates the feasibility and value of integrating wearable electroencephalography and environmental and behavioral sensors in naturalistic settings to uncover behavioral and environmental correlates of sleep architecture.
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