ReviewCancer biology & therapy2026
The tumor microenvironment in triple negative breast cancer and a strategy to improve responses to immunotherapy using cryoablation and immunostimulants.
Review in Cancer biology & therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
One in eight women will develop breast cancer (BC) over their lifetime. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for up to 20% of BC cases and has fewer treatment options, greater metastatic potential, a higher risk of recurrence, and a poorer prognosis compared to other BC subtypes. Compared to hormone receptor-positive BCs, TNBC has more tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, a higher tumor mutational burden, and greater programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression. While these features suggest greater immunogenicity, the balance of the complex TNBC tumor microenvironment (TME) is immunosuppressive. The TME leads to modest and variable effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) for TNBC. This review explores the dysfunctional immunological state of TNBC and proposes a multi-modal strategy integrating cryoablation as a source of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and immunostimulatory agents to reprogram antitumor immunity. It specifically explores the strategy of combining ICI and immunostimulants with cryoablation as a source of TAAs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.