ArticlePloS one2026
Prevalence and determinants of cigarette smoking and smoking frequency among people with tuberculosis in Lesotho: Evidence from a nationwide cross-sectional survey.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLow- and middle-income countries face a significant dual burden of tuberculosis (TB) and cigarette smoking. Nevertheless, studies examining the prevalence and determinants of smoking status and frequency among people with TB (PWTB) are scarce in sub-Saharan Africa, including Lesotho. Therefore, this study evaluated the prevalence and determinants of smoking status and frequency among people with TB in Lesotho.
methodsData on people with TB from the 2023 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey were used in this study (n = 326). The data were adjusted for sampling weight, stratification, and cluster sampling design. The outcome variables were smoking status and smoking frequency (daily smoking and occasional smoking). The independent variables included socio-demographic factors, household characteristics, alcohol use, TB-related stigma, and mental health status. We evaluated the association between outcome and predictor variables using Pearson's chi-squared test and complex sample logistics regression. Statistical significance was set at a p-value < 0.05.
resultsThe prevalence of cigarette smoking among PWTB is 23.8%. The prevalence of daily and occasional smoking among PWTB is 17.3% and 6.5%, respectively. Being male (AOR = 107.48, 95%CI:22.65-510.03, p < 0.001), no media exposure (AOR = 3.65, 95%CI:1.43-9.30, p = 0.007), and alcohol use (AOR = 6.98, 95%CI:2.21-22.05, p = 0.001) increased the odds of smoking among PWTB. Being male (AOR = 211.28, 95%CI:25.86-1725.91, p < 0.001), no media exposure (AOR = 3.95, 95%CI:1.27-12.26, p = 0.018), and alcohol use (AOR = 15.10, 95%CI:3.36-67.89, p < 0.001) increased the odds of daily smoking among PWTB. Being male (AOR = 39.98, 95%CI:4.76-335.88, p = 0.001) increased the odds of occasional smoking among PWTB. Depression did not significantly influence smoking status of people with TB.
conclusionThe prevalence of smoking among PWTB is high in Lesotho. Our findings underscore the importance of gender-sensitive tobacco use prevention and control interventions among PWTB, an inclusive and adequately funded long-term plan for best-practice anti-tobacco media campaign, and integrating management of substance use disorder into TB control policy and routine TB care in Lesotho.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.