ArticleAnalytical and bioanalytical chemistry2026
Production waste from clandestine amphetamine production via the Leuckart route in soil-part A: stabilities of selected synthesis markers.
Article in Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Illicit production of amphetamine-type stimulants is accompanied by the generation of large volumes of toxic and corrosive production waste. The producers partly dispose the production waste directly in the environment at so-called dumpsites. Various process chemicals, solvents, and by-products from the drug syntheses are present in the production waste and thus may thus end up in the environment. In this work, the stabilities of prevalent synthesis-related markers for amphetamine production via the Leuckart route, namely of the educt (benzyl methyl ketone), the reaction intermediate (N-formylamphetamine), the final product (amphetamine), and characteristic by-products (4-methyl-5-phenylpyrimidine and N,N-di-(β-phenylisopropyl)amine), were investigated in three standard soils upon incubation for up to 60 days under biotic and abiotic conditions. Benzyl methyl ketone rapidly degraded at a rate of up to 97% after 30 days. Up to 82% of the Leuckart route-specific by-product 4-methyl-5-phenylpyrimidine were degraded after 60 days. Amphetamine, N,N-di-(β-phenylisopropyl)amine, and N-formylamphetamine were stable over the period of 60 days, with a maximum degradation of 31% observed for N,N-di-(β-phenylisopropyl)amine in one soil type. Amphetamine was formed from N-formylamphetamine in two of the three standard soils. Furthermore, the stabilities of amphetamine, N-formylamphetamine, and N,N-di-(β-phenylisopropyl)amine were studied as ingredients in real production waste. Their stability profiles in soil generally matched well with the results for the individual substances. Based on the results obtained, it is expected that characteristic compounds from amphetamine production via the Leuckart route can be detected at illegal dumpsites over a longer time frame after disposal of clandestine production waste, allowing prolonged forensic assessment.
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