Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42246891›Full record

ArticleJournal of synchrotron radiation2026

Air attenuation of high power XFEL beams.

Philip Heimann, Andrew Rosenstrom, Ming Fu Lin, Razib Obaid, Taran Driver, James Cryan, Shanjie Xiao, Sena MacDonald, Sayed Rokni, Alyssa Prinz and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of synchrotron radiation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Philip HeimannLinac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2973-664X
Andrew RosenstromRadiation Protection Department, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94085, USA.
Ming Fu LinLinac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
Razib ObaidLinac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
Taran DriverLinac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3761-6883
James CryanLinac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
Shanjie XiaoRadiation Protection Department, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94085, USA.
Sena MacDonaldRadiation Protection Department, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94085, USA.
Sayed RokniRadiation Protection Department, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94085, USA.
Alyssa PrinzLinac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
Willy LangeveldLinac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1788-2244
Lin ZhangLinac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0529-906X

Funding

US Department of Energy DE-AC02-76SF00515
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The Linac Coherent Light Source II, a high-repetition-rate X-ray free-electron laser (FEL), produces high average power as well as high peak power. Air is a key radiation safety element, helping to contain the FEL beams from reaching accessible areas. At high average power, air absorption can produce a high-temperature and low-density channel along the X-ray beam path. In this case, the X-ray attenuation no longer follows the Beer-Lambert equation, exp(-μx). Air attenuation measurements were performed with X-rays focused into a gas cell at the LCLS time-resolved AMO instrument. In the measurements, several parameters were varied: the repetition rate from 102 Hz to 33.2 kHz, the pulse energy from 18 to 340 µJ and the photon energy at 316 and 346 eV. The air transmission was observed to significantly increase with X-ray power. Simulations were also performed, which included the thermal processes related to the high average power. In comparison with the measurements, the calculated air transmission is higher, confirming that the simulations are conservative and suitable for radiation safety analyses.

Indexed as

absorptionairX-rays

Identifiers

PMID42246891
PMCPMC13344588

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.