ReviewThe archives of bone and joint surgery2026
Evaluating Knee Osteoarthritis Induction Methods in Small Translational Animal Models from 1970-2025: A Comprehensive Systematic Review.
Review in The archives of bone and joint surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: This approaches, for inducing knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in rabbit and rodent models. It also summarizes data study evaluates surgical, mechanical, chemical, genetic, and diet-induced methods, as well as combination-based on post-intervention time points for KOA development, the duration required for osteophyte formation, KOA scoring systems, and relevant histopathological findings. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (from 1970 to February 2025) was conducted using the PICO framework, focusing on animal models (rabbits and rodents), osteoarthritis induction methods, comparative efficacy, and relevant outcomes. Extracted variables included model characteristics, interventions, and KOA-related findings. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and the ROBINS-I tool. Results: After screening 5,702 records, 98 studies met the inclusion criteria. Surgical (n = 34), chemical (n = 15), genetic (n = 13), mechanical (n = 19), and high-fat diet-induced (n = 6) models, as well as combination approaches, were reviewed. Among surgical techniques, anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and medial meniscus destabilization (DMM) were the most frequently used, whereas monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) was the predominant chemical inducer. Genetic models primarily involved gene deletions or mutations in C57BL/6 mice. Mechanical induction methods included joint loading, treadmill running, and immobilization. Histological evaluation-most commonly using the Mankin and Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring systems-was the predominant approach for KOA assessment, while micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was employed in selected studies. Osteophyte formation was prominent in surgical and specific chemical models and was typically observed within 8 weeks post-intervention. Additionally, each induction method exhibited a distinct time course for osteophyte development and the establishment of KOA. Conclusion: Each approach offers distinct advantages for replicating KOA pathology and for facilitating research into disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.
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