Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42245995›Full record

ArticleOpen mind : discoveries in cognitive science2026

Associations Between Second-Language Proficiency and Executive Functions in Autistic and Neurotypical Children.

Franziska Baumeister, Pauline Wolfer, Elisabet Vila Borrellas, Ehsan Solaimani, Inge-Marie Eigsti, Stephanie Durrleman

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Franziska BaumeisterAutism, Bilingualism, Cognitive and Communicative Development Research Group (ABCCD), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3837-8351
Pauline WolferAutism, Bilingualism, Cognitive and Communicative Development Research Group (ABCCD), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3770-2551
Elisabet Vila BorrellasDepartment of Translation and Language Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1896-1702
Ehsan SolaimaniDepartment of Language and Linguistic Science, University of York, York, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3869-4071
Inge-Marie EigstiDepartment of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7898-1898
Stephanie DurrlemanAutism, Bilingualism, Cognitive and Communicative Development Research Group (ABCCD), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1883-5703

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Bilingualism is a complex experience that may enhance executive functions (EF). This potential benefit could be particularly relevant for autistic children, given that they tend to present EF difficulties. Some studies find bilingualism benefits in attention, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and memory, in neurotypical and autistic children while others do not. These inconsistencies may arise from oversimplifying the operationalization of bilingualism, obscuring the mechanisms underlying its effects on EF. This study used continuous measures to operationalize bilingualism and test its links with EF. Bayesian multilevel modeling showed that higher second language proficiency in 168 autistic (

Indexed as

attentionBayesian multilevel modelingentropyflexibilityinhibitory controlswitchingworking memory

Identifiers

PMID42245995
PMCPMC13233095

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.