ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Assessing the restorative benefits of open rooftop green spaces characteristics using virtual reality and EEG analysis.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Open rooftop greening spaces (ORGS) offer a critical yet underexplored pathway to health restoration in high-density cities. While the general benefits of urban greenery are established, the specific environmental mechanisms and user responses within elevated, built-form-constrained spaces like rooftops remain poorly understood. Methods: This study systematically investigates how three key design variables-Green View Index, Sky View Factor, and functional type-independently and interactively influence multidimensional health outcomes. We employed a controlled virtual reality experiment integrated with electroencephalography and subjective scales to measure psychological, physiological, and social health responses among participants ( Results: Our results revealed a pattern of functional and environmental specificity in health benefits. Psychological relaxation and social well-being consistently peaked in environments combining high GVI with high SVF. In contrast, physiological activity willingness showed precise calibration: low-intensity activities (e.g., walking) were favored in high visual quality settings, while high-intensity exercise was uniquely promoted in fitness-oriented spaces with high GVI but lower SVF. Analyses delineated distinct roles for each variable. GVI emerged as the broadest predictor, particularly associated with social health and relaxation. SVF specifically facilitated psychological decompression. Functional type emerged as a key driver of activity intention but had minimal direct effect on social perception. Crucially, interaction models demonstrated that synergistic combinations are superior to maximizing single elements. The pairing of medium (not high) GVI with high SVF yielded the strongest psychological restoration, and high GVI was found to enhance the mental health benefits of dining/entertainment spaces. Discussion: This study provides new quantitative evidence for the health-promoting potential of ORGS. The findings move beyond generic prescriptions, offering nuanced, evidence-based insights for salutogenic design. By leveraging specific visual-environmental synergies aligned with intended use, this work supports the design of rooftops that can contribute to urban mental resilience, social cohesion, and physical vitality.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.