ArticleVeterinary world2026
Baseline molecular surveillance of monkeypox virus in wildlife and exotic animals during the pre- and early-2022 outbreak in Thailand.
Article in Veterinary world, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background and Aim: The global outbreak of monkeypox (mpox) in 2022 raised major concerns regarding the potential establishment of new animal reservoirs outside endemic regions. Although human-to-human transmission was the primary driver of the outbreak, reverse zoonotic transmission (spillback) from infected humans to animals could lead to long-term viral persistence in wildlife populations. Thailand, a non-endemic country affected during the 2022 outbreak, has extensive human-animal interfaces involving free-ranging wildlife, exotic pets, and urban scavenging mammals, which may facilitate cross-species transmission. The present study aimed to perform molecular surveillance for mpox virus (MPXV) DNA in selected high-risk animal populations in Thailand using archival samples collected during the pre-outbreak (2019) and early-outbreak (2022) periods to establish baseline evidence of viral presence or absence. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,248 animals, including 593 free-ranging cynomolgus macaques ( Results: All 1,248 samples tested negative for MPXV DNA. The studied population represented 29 animal species across multiple ecological settings, including urban, peri-urban, and rural environments in several provinces of Thailand. Based on the sample size, the upper 95% confidence limit for prevalence was estimated to be <0.24%. Power analysis indicated a 99.81% probability of detecting at least one positive case if the true prevalence had been ≥0.5%, confirming strong surveillance sensitivity. Conclusion: This study provides the first ecological baseline evidence of the absence of MPXV in wildlife, exotic pets, and garbage-scavenging mammals in Thailand before and during the early phase of the 2022 global outbreak. The findings support the importance of One Health-based surveillance integrating wildlife, domestic animals, and environmental interfaces to prevent spillback events and the establishment of new reservoirs in non-endemic regions. Continued longitudinal monitoring using both molecular and serological approaches is essential for early detection of emerging zoonotic threats.
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