Differential physiological and biochemical modulation of two grapevine varieties by foliar zeolite application under Mediterranean summer stress conditions.

Introduction: The intensification of climate change poses significant challenges to viticulture, particularly in Mediterranean region. In this context, the development and implementation of sustainable practices that simultaneously address mitigation and adaptation are essential to ensure vineyard resilience. This study evaluated the combination of a short-term mitigation strategy, the foliar application of clinoptilolite zeolite, with a long-term adaptation approach based on varietal selection. Methods: The impacts of foliar zeolite applications on two-year-old grapevines ( Results: Zeolite application mitigated heat stress in both varieties by decreasing leaf temperature, enhancing photochemical efficiency, and supporting photoprotection. Variety-specific responses were also notable. TF exhibited improved electron transport, gas exchange, and higher accumulation of soluble sugars, proline, and proteins, reflecting enhanced physiological plasticity. In turn, TC displayed higher intrinsic phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, adopting a more conservative water-use strategy. Discussion: These findings highlight the combined role of short- and long-term agronomic practices to strengthen vineyard resilience under changing climate conditions.