Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42244924›Full record

ArticleGhana medical journal2026

Circulation of Human Coronaviruses in SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza-negative patients with respiratory infections during Ghana's 2021 COVID-19 pandemic.

Mildred A Adusei-Poku, Emmanuella A Apuri, Loretta Kwasah, Linda Boatemaa, Yaw Awuku-Larbi, Joseph A Quarcoo, Nana A Asante Ntim, Ivy A Asante

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Ghana medical journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mildred A Adusei-PokuDepartment of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
Emmanuella A ApuriDepartment of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
Loretta KwasahVirology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
Linda BoatemaaVirology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
Yaw Awuku-LarbiVirology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
Joseph A QuarcooVirology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
Nana A Asante NtimVirology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
Ivy A AsanteVirology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Objective: To determine the prevalence and distribution of human coronaviruses among persons presenting with respiratory symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana. Design: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Setting: Outpatients and inpatients with respiratory tract infections during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana. Participants: A total of 350 samples were collected from persons presenting with respiratory symptoms between July and December 2021. These samples were previously tested and confirmed negative for both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses. Intervention: None. Main outcome: It was expected that human coronaviruses (HCoVs) 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1 would be detected among SARS-CoV-2 and influenza-negative patients presenting with respiratory symptoms. Results: Of the 350 samples analysed, HCoVs were detected in 123 (35%). Among these, 83% (102/123) were from outpatients, with 17% (21/123) from inpatients. The distribution of specific HCoVs was as follows: 22% (78/350) tested positive for NL63, 5% (18/350) for OC43, 4% (14/350) for HKU1, and 4% (13/350) for 229E. The highest detection rate was observed in the 15-24-year age group, accounting for 46% (56/123) of positive cases, followed by the 25-44-year group at 29% (36/123). The lowest detection rate was noted in infants under 1 year old. Additionally, eight cases (2%) showed co-detections of different HCoVs, with NL63 co-infections being the most common. Conclusion: HCoVs 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1 were prevalent in our study population. This study underscores the importance of differential diagnoses for respiratory viruses with pandemic potential. Funding: This study was funded by a fellowship from the West African Genetic Medicine Centre (WAGMC/2021/0009).

Indexed as

CoronavirusCOVID-19Respiratory Tract InfectionsAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overChildChild, PreschoolCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleGhanaHumansInfantInfluenza, HumanMaleCOVID-19GhanaHuman coronaviruses (HCoVs)pandemicrespiratory tract infections

Identifiers

PMID42244924
PMCPMC13231484

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.