Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42244675›Full record

ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026

Antigenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 variants BA.3.2.1 and BA.3.2.2 in three animal models.

Samuel A Turner, Joey Olivier, Madison L Ellis, Katharine A Floyd, Lilin Lai, Suzanne M Scheaffer, Ionsei Hastings, Tamarand L Darling, Blake A Miller, Charmy J Patel and 7 more

Abstract readPreprint
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Samuel A TurnerCenter for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge; Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.
Joey OlivierCenter for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge; Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.
Madison L EllisCenter for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Katharine A FloydCenter for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Lilin LaiCenter for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Suzanne M ScheafferDepartment of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Ionsei HastingsDepartment of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Tamarand L DarlingDepartment of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Blake A MillerWallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
Charmy J PatelWallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
Hannah PeckWallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
Daryll VanoverWallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
Philip J SantangeloWallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
Michael S DiamondDepartment of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Mehul S SutharCenter for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Adrianus C M BoonDepartment of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Derek J SmithCenter for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge; Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.

Funding

Yerkes National Primate Research Center Role of type-I IFN in regulating COVID-19 induced inflammation and pathogenesisP51OD011132 · OD · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI Joon Sup Lee · 2012 to 2026
$167.0M
NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response: Universal Influenza Vaccine Research Activities75N93021C00016 · NIAID · ST. JUDE CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL · PI WEBBY, RICHARD · 2021 to 2025
$91.4M
NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response: Universal Influenza Vaccine Research Activities75N93021C00014 · NIAID · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI GARCIA-SASTRE, ADOLFO · 2021 to 2025
$62.6M
NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response: Universal Influenza Vaccine Research Activities75N93021C00017 · NIAID · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI LOWEN, ANICE · 2021 to 2025
$27.3M
NIH HHS 75N93021C00014NIH HHS 75N93021C00016NIH HHS 75N93021C00017NIH HHS P51 OD011132
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BA.3.2, a variant of SARS-CoV-2 containing ~40 mutations in its spike protein compared to its nearest ancestor, has spread globally since its first detection in South Africa in November 2024. Here, we report antigenic characterization of BA.3.2 viruses in three naive animal models, and visualize its antigenic phenotype in the context of SARS-CoV-2 evolution using antigenic cartography. We find that: (1) BA.3.2 is substantially antigenically divergent from existing SARS-CoV-2 variants; (2) infection with BA.3.2 in hamster and mouse animal models produces sera with lower homologous titer than infection with other variants. Both of these results may have implications for the selection of vaccine antigens.

Identifiers

PMID42244675
PMCPMC13232355

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.