ArticlePneumonia (Nathan Qld.)2026
A multicentre case-control study about effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination against pneumonia hospitalization in at-risk adults.
Article in Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Trends in Hospitalization, Case Fatality, and Mortality for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Portugal over 20 Years.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCommunity-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity in adults with chronic conditions. Although pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness (VE) has been demonstrated in older adults, evidence is scant regarding adults < 65 years. We evaluated pneumococcal VE against CAP-related hospitalization in at-risk adults aged 18–64 years.
methodsWe conducted a multicentre case-control study in Spain (2020–2024). Cases were adults aged 18–64 years with risk conditions, hospitalized for ≥ 24 h, with radiological and clinical patterns compatible with CAP. Controls were hospitalized patients with risk conditions but without pneumonia. Vaccination status was classified as 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine only, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine only, sequential vaccination, or unvaccinated. Logistic regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) values, with VE calculated as (1–OR) × 100. Analyses were stratified by immune status, and a sensitivity analysis was performed excluding SARS-CoV-2 cases.
resultsWe included 805 cases and 806 controls. None of the pneumococcal vaccination strategies showed significant effectiveness against hospitalization for CAP. In immunocompromised individuals, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine showed significantly negative adjusted VE (-142.0, 95%CI: -504.4 to -1.1). Excluding SARS-CoV-2 cases yielded similar estimates.
conclusionsPneumococcal vaccination was not associated with a reduced hospitalization risk for CAP in adults aged 18–64 years with risk conditions.
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