ArticleJournal of human hypertension2026
Cigarette smoking, e-cigarette use, and hypertension: a population-based cross-sectional study.
Article in Journal of human hypertension, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
Cigarette smoking is an established cardiovascular risk factor, but the association between electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and hypertension remains unclear. We examined this association in a nationally representative adult population in Scotland using pooled cross-sectional data from 22,187 adults aged ≥16 years in the Scottish Health Survey (2017-2022). Participants were classified into five mutually exclusive groups: never users (n = 11,760), former smokers (n = 6,201), current cigarette smoking only (n = 2,747), current e-cigarette use only (n = 907), and current dual use (n = 572). Hypertension was defined as self-reported doctor-diagnosed high blood pressure, excluding pregnancy-related hypertension. Multivariable logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Secondary analyses disaggregated current e-cigarette use only by smoking history, and propensity score matching was performed as a sensitivity analysis. Overall hypertension prevalence was 26.5%, ranging from 19.0% among current exclusive e-cigarette users to 33.5% among former smokers. Compared with never users, current e-cigarette use only was associated with lower odds of hypertension (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.63-0.93), whereas former smokers had higher odds (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02-1.20). No significant associations were observed for current cigarette smoking only (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.84-1.06) or current dual use (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.75-1.20). The inverse association for exclusive e-cigarette use was confined to former smokers who had switched to vaping (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.63-0.94). In propensity score-matched analyses, the inverse association for current exclusive e-cigarette use was attenuated and no longer statistically significant, suggesting that this finding may partly reflect healthy switcher bias and residual confounding rather than a protective effect.
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