ArticleScientific reports2026
Optimisation of seaweed-based biostimulant application to improve bell pepper yield and quality using Topsis-Shannon entropy.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The effectiveness of seaweed-based biostimulants is strongly influenced by application concentration and phenology-based timing. This study aimed to optimise these factors to improve the yield and fruit quality of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution combined with Shannon entropy (TOPSIS-Entropy). An Ecklonia maxima-based biostimulant was applied at five concentrations (0-0.8%) and at different phenological stages: one day before transplanting (ODBT), fourteen days after transplanting (14DAT), fruit set, and fourteen days before harvest (14DBH), applied individually or in combination, with no use of fertilisers before and during the experiment. Analysis of variance indicated significant effects of concentration and application timing on yield and fruit quality parameters. The application of 0.4% extract at 14DAT + fruit set + 14DBH achieved the highest overall performance, with the greatest TOPSIS-Entropy closeness coefficient (0.77) compared with the control (0.46). This treatment increased yield from 2.01 to 4.43 kg m
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