ArticleScientific reports2026
Synergistic effects of plant growth regulators, riboflavin, and iron nanoparticles on secondary metabolites in micropropagated Ceratonia siliqua L.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) play a crucial role in regulating the biochemical and physiological processes. Recently, nanoparticle-based approaches have attracted increasing attention for improving in vitro rooting efficiency. Ceratonia siliqua L. is a significant tree species utilized for landscaping and medicinal purposes; however, its conventional propagation is limited, making micropropagation a viable alternative. This study aimed to optimize in vitro multiplication, rooting, and secondary metabolite accumulation of C. siliqua through the use of different PGR combinations, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium strength, and riboflavin during the multiplication stage, while evaluating the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃ NPs) exclusively during the rooting stage. During establishment and multiplication, explants were cultured on full- or half-strength MS media supplemented with riboflavin in combination with benzyladenine (BA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and gibberellic acid (GA₃). Rooting experiments were conducted using indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 2, 3, and 4 mg L
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