ArticleScientific reports2026
Interaction of PEGylated gold nanorods with HIF-1α/Ki-67 in inhibiting immunosuppression and arresting cancer proliferation in murine fibrosarcoma.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Gold nanoparticles have shown great promise as potential theranostic agents. Interaction of gold nanoparticles with the primary organs of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES), known for their immunoregulatory functions, has not been adequately explored in animal models of solid tumors. In this study, we chose fibrosarcoma as a representative solid tumor model, as it frequently metastasizes to distant RES organs such as the spleen and liver. This paper investigates the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized gold nanorods (GNRs) of an aspect ratio of 2.5, in spleen and liver-two vital organs of the RES that serve as distant metastatic sites for fibrosarcoma. Here, we study the ability of PEG-GNRs to attenuate hypoxia-driven proliferation and immunosuppression while inducing apoptotic remodeling in RES organs. Uptake of PEG-GNRs significantly decreased Ki-67 expression (a molecular marker of cancer progression) by attenuation of hypoxia-inducing factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α). Upregulation of HIF-1α favours development of solid tumor and its progression. In addition, HIF-1α is an important regulator of cytokine production, viz. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, which, along with oxidative measurements, showed a decline in cancer progression upon PEG-GNR treatment, while improved tissue structure was confirmed by H&E staining. However, treatment showed increase of IL-12, an anti-tumorigenic cytokine, supporting macrophage plasticity toward an M1 phenotype. Further, through TEM imaging and upregulation of caspase-3 we confirmed PEG-GNR induced apoptosis. Our study reports that PEG-GNRs selectively inhibit the growth of cancer cells, rarely causing toxicity to normal cells, as supported by both comet and micronuclei assay.
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