ArticleBMJ open2026
Area-based measures of socioeconomic status in studies assessing health outcomes among people living with HIV in Canada and the USA: a scoping review.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveArea-based measures of socioeconomic status (SES) are increasingly used to study health disparities among people living with HIV (PLWH), with wide variation in how they are defined and applied across studies and settings. This study synthesises the types of area-based measures of SES used in Canada and the USA, the domains captured and their associations with health outcomes among PLWH.
methodsA scoping review of studies published in English between 2012 and 2025 was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science. The search combined 'HIV' with terms related to area-based SES measures. Eligible studies included PLWH, were based in Canada or the USA, used area-based SES measures and assessed health outcomes.
resultsWe screened 3470 studies: 56 met inclusion criteria. Most were US-based (n=53) and focused solely on PLWH (n=46). Area-based SES was measured using composite (n=34), single (n=16) or both types of indicators (n=6), all drawn from census data. The most common SES domain was income/poverty (n=56), the most common geographic unit was census tract (n=19) and the most common health outcome assessed was viral load/suppression (n=29). Most studies linked lower area-based SES with poorer health outcomes among PLWH (n=46).
conclusionsOur findings highlight the utility of area-based SES as an individual-level SES proxy and tool for capturing broader social determinants of health when assessing a range of health outcomes across studies including PLWH. This review contributes to strengthening methodological approaches and supports future work focused on addressing social determinants and advancing health equity for PLWH.
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