Beverage consumption patterns and primary dysmenorrhea among women of reproductive age: a population-based study in Beijing, China.

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is highly prevalent among women of reproductive age and imposes a substantial burden on daily functioning and quality of life. Beverage consumption has been suggested as a potential lifestyle factor related to menstrual pain; however, evidence remains limited and inconsistent. This study aimed to examine the associations between beverages consumption and PD among women of reproductive age. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted as part of the Multilevel Natural Population and Maternal Cohort Study. A total of 1,247 women of reproductive age were recruited in Beijing between September and November 2021. Sociodemographic data and menstrual health status were collected using a structured questionnaire. Consumption of coffee, brewed leaf tea, floral tea, and milk tea, as well as intake patterns during menstrual and non-menstrual periods were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Multinomial logistic regression was performed to examine associations between beverage consumption and PD. Results: The overall prevalence of PD was 92.9%, with 23.1% of participants reporting moderate-to-severe pain. Associations with dysmenorrhea severity varied by beverage type and level of habitual consumption. Specifically, moderate and high coffee intake were associated with moderate-to-severe dysmenorrhea ( Conclusions: Both habitual beverage consumption and menstrual phase-related changes in intake were associated with the severity of PD in this urban Chinese population, suggesting potential links between dietary habits and menstrual health that warrant further investigation.