Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42239389›Full record

ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026

Neutrophils repurpose the nucleolus as a cytokine reservoir and secretory organelle.

Shuying Xu, Asya Smirnov, Rachel L Kinsella, Ananda Rankin, Ashley D Wise-Mitchell, Jessica M Alexander, Benjamin Patty, Sophie M Mikhail, Rachel M Bello, Darren Kraemalmeyer and 12 more

Abstract readPreprint
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Shuying XuDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4572-8663
Asya SmirnovDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Rachel L KinsellaDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Ananda RankinDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Ashley D Wise-MitchellDepartment of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
Jessica M AlexanderDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.ORCID 0009-0004-1530-0943
Benjamin PattyDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Sophie M MikhailDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Rachel M BelloDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Darren KraemalmeyerDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Sebastian BoluarteDepartment of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Aamir KhanDepartment of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Benjamin L AllsupDepartment of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Sheikh MahmudDepartment of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Bryan D BrysonDepartment of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1716-6712
Joshua T MattilaDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
Eric L GreerDepartment of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7501-7371
Siyuan DingDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Regina A ClemensDepartment of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Andrew J MonteithDepartment of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
Eliezer CaloDepartment of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Christina L StallingsDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2747-5618

Funding

Washington University Center for Cellular ImagingP30CA091842 · NCI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI TIMOTHY J. EBERLEIN · 2001 to 2026
$128.0M
WU INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCESUL1TR002345 · NCATS · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI William G. Powderly · 2017 to 2026
$97.8M
Type I IFN-dependent and independent contributions to the outcomes of early innate immune cell interactions during HIV/TB co-infectionR01AI184666 · NIAID · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Bryan David Bryson, Joshua T. Mattila · 2024 to 2026
$2.6M
Targeting NETosis for the Treatment of TuberculosisR01AI179024 · NIAID · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Christina Leigh Stallings · 2023 to 2026
$2.5M
Nikon Confocal Microscope for Shared Biomedical ResearchS10OD030233 · OD · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI PISTON, DAVID W · 2022 to 2022
$538k
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002345NCI NIH HHS P30 CA091842NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI179024NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI184666NIH HHS S10 OD030233
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Type I interferons (IFN-I) are critical for antiviral defense but can drive severe pathology when dysregulated. Excess IFN-I is associated with prominent neutrophil accumulation; however, the contribution of neutrophils to IFN-I overproduction remains underexplored. In all cell types previously studied, IFN-I is synthesized de novo following sensing of microbial or host-derived inflammatory stimuli. Contrary to this paradigm, we find that neutrophils express IFNα during development and store it in the nucleolus, a membrane-less intranuclear condensate classically functioning in ribosome biogenesis. TLR-mediated bacterial sensing induces a nucleolar stress response in neutrophils that triggers rapid release of nucleoli-stored IFNα independent of de novo protein synthesis. These findings reveal that neutrophils have repurposed the nucleolus as a cytokine storage and secretory organelle, identify the first naturally occurring immunoregulatory function of nucleolar stress, and provide insight into the relationship between detrimental IFN-I levels and neutrophil accumulation.

Indexed as

bacteriainflammationinterferonMycobacteriumneutrophilnucleolus

Identifiers

PMID42239389
PMCPMC13228265

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.