ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Temporal trends in physical fitness among Chinese 16- to 18-year-old adolescents between 2019 and 2025: based on data from 37,067 high school students in Jinan.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: This study examined temporal trends in physical fitness assessed using the National Student Physical Health Standard (NSPHS) battery among 16- to 18-year-old adolescents from three senior high schools in Jinan, China from 2019 to 2025 to inform strategies to improve adolescent fitness. Methods: This study analyzed 37,067 NSPHS test records (boys: 18,966; girls: 18,101) from three senior high schools in Jinan between 2019 and 2025, representing repeated annual cross-sectional records rather than repeated follow-up of the same students, including BMI, sit and reach, 50 m sprint, 1,000 m/800 m run, pull-ups/sit-ups, and standing long jump. Year-specific means were estimated, and temporal trend plots were visually inspected to describe adjacent annual fluctuations, and sample-weighted linear regression was used to quantify trends. Results: From 2019 to 2025, height increased gradually in both boys and girls, body weight increased overall, and BMI remained largely stable. In muscular fitness, explosive strength assessed by standing long jump showed an overall decline in both sexes, upper-body muscular endurance declined in boys for pull-ups, whereas abdominal muscular endurance assessed by sit-ups improved markedly in girls. For speed and cardiorespiratory endurance, 50 m sprint time fluctuated with a slight overall decrease, while 1,000 m/800 m run time fluctuated with a slight overall increase; flexibility assessed by sit and reach remained largely stable. Small effects were observed for boys' height, standing long jump, and pull-ups, and for girls' height and standing long jump; a large effect was observed for girls' sit-ups. Conclusion: From 2019 to 2025, physical fitness among 16- to 18-year-old adolescents from three senior high schools in Jinan showed largely stable BMI but mixed trends across fitness components. Performance-based indicators generally worsened (e.g., standing long jump and 1,000-m/800-m run), whereas girls showed a marked improvement in sit-ups. These findings should be interpreted as city- and school-specific rather than nationally representative, and they underscore the need for sex-specific, school-based strategies to halt declines in strength and endurance.
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