ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Occupational exposure to total and hexavalent chromium in welders: an integrated environmental and biological monitoring study.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Chromium (Cr), and particularly its hexavalent form is classified as a Group 1 human carcinogen and represents a major occupational hazard, particularly in stainless-steel welding. This exploratory study integrated environmental and biological monitoring to characterize welders' exposure and assessed how analytical methods influence exposure estimates. Methods: Twenty-two welders from two Northern Italian companies and 10 administrative controls were enrolled (May-June 2025) and monitored during full 8 h shifts. Personal respirable particulate samples were analyzed for total Cr (CrTOT) and Cr(VI) using NIOSH 7,600 and a speciation-preserving modified ISO 17075 protocol. Biological monitoring included pre-/post-shift urinary Cr (U-Cr, creatinine-adjusted) and post-shift exhaled breath condensate Cr (EBC-Cr). Results: All airborne CrTOT and Cr(VI) concentrations were below their respective Occupational Exposure Limit Values (500 and 5 μg/m Discussion: Integrated monitoring confirmed Cr absorption in welders despite regulatory compliance. Within the limits of this study, U-Cr appeared to be the most informative biomarker, whereas EBC-Cr showed limited sensitivity. Although exposures remained below biological limit values, welders exhibited an upward shift in U-Cr relative to background populations, supporting continued exposure minimization-especially for high-emission processes such as MMA-consistent with As Low As Reasonably Achievable principles.
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