ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Effects of Halliwick-based aquatic exercise on social and motor skills of children with autism spectrum disorder: a pilot study.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Limited evidence is available regarding the effects and duration of Halliwick-based aquatic exercise intervention in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This pilot study aimed to investigate the feasibility, initial effects and short-term persistence of Halliwick-based aquatic exercise on social and motor skills in children with ASD. Twelve children with ASD were randomly assigned into either intervention group or control group. Assessments were conducted at baseline (T0), after 6 weeks of intervention (T1), at the end of intervention (T2), and 4 weeks after cessation of the intervention (T3). Outcome measures included balance performance (standing on one leg with eyes open and closed, intensive Romberg tests), the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC), Children's Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Children's Sensory Integration Rating Scale (CSIS), and the Humphries Assessment of Aquatic Readiness (HAAR). In the intervention group, ATEC health/behavior and total score were significantly reduced at T1 compared to T0, and speech/language/communication scores were significantly lower than those of the control group. CARS scores showed significant reductions at T1, T2, and T3 compared to T0. In contrast, CSIS scores, balance performance and HAAR scores demonstrated significant increases from T1 to T3 compared to both baseline and the control group. This pilot study suggested that a 12-week Halliwick-based aquatic exercise program may be associated with improvements in social and motor skills in children with ASD, with some benefits maintained for at least 4 weeks. Large-scale studies are needed to confirm the preliminary findings.
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