Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42238871›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in digital health2026

Generative AI as a de facto mental health provider: a policy brief and urgent call for regulation.

Elad Refoua, Karny Gigi, Inbar Levkovich, Dorit Hadar Shoval, Zohar Elyoseph, Iftach Tsafrir, Oori Pen, Tal Angert, Yuval Haber

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in digital health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Elad RefouaDepartment of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
Karny GigiThe Artificial Third-Research and Development Institute, Hod-Hasharon, Israel.
Inbar LevkovichFaculty of Education, Tel Hai University of Kiryat Shmona and the Galilee (THU), Kiryat Shmona, Israel.
Dorit Hadar ShovalDepartment of Psychology, Tel Hai University of Kiryat Shmona and the Galilee (THU), Kiryat Shmona, Israel.
Zohar ElyosephSchool of Counseling and Human Development, the Faculty of Education, The University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
Iftach TsafrirThe Artificial Third-Research and Development Institute, Hod-Hasharon, Israel.
Oori PenThe Artificial Third-Research and Development Institute, Hod-Hasharon, Israel.
Tal AngertThe Artificial Third-Research and Development Institute, Hod-Hasharon, Israel.
Yuval HaberThe Program of Hermeneutics and Culture, Interdisciplinary Studies Unit, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Generative AI platforms such as ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini have become de facto mental health resources for millions of users worldwide, driven by accessibility, low cost, anonymity, and growing gaps in professional care. This rapid, unregulated adoption raises urgent concerns: misinformation from AI hallucinations, erosion of data privacy, algorithmic bias, emotional dependency, and the undermining of user autonomy. At the same time, these tools offer real promise as low-barrier entry points to psychoeducation, self-reflection, and support for underserved populations. This policy brief synthesizes the current evidence on public use of general-purpose GenAI for mental health support, outlines both opportunities and risks, and provides actionable recommendations for users, clinicians, developers, and regulators.

Indexed as

challengesdigital mental healthethicsgenerative artificial intelligenceopportunitiespolicyregulation

Identifiers

PMID42238871
PMCPMC13226558

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.