ArticlePakistan journal of medical sciences2026
Sociodemographic determinants of multimorbidity in asthma: Insights from a retrospective cross-sectional study of the Obstructive Lung Disease program, Pakistan.
Article in Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background & Objective: Multimorbidity (MM) or the presence of additional chronic conditions in asthma, worsens disease control and increases healthcare use, but its prevalence and sociodemographic links in Pakistan are unclear. Our objectives were to assess the prevalence and patterns of MM in asthma and examine associations with key social and demographic factors. Methodology: This observational cross sectional retrospective study was carried out at nine primary care sites of Indus Hospital & Health Network (IHHN), Pakistan. Obstructive Lung Disease (OLD) program data from January 2021 to March, 2025 of 5,802 physician confirmed asthma patients aged 12 years and above were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Frequencies, percentages and logistic regression assessed prevalence, patterns, and associations of MM with age, gender, location, employment in asthma. Results: Amongst 5,802 patients, 19% had MM, most commonly hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Prevalence was highest in middle-aged (22.5%) and older adults (31.2%), while 6.2% of adolescents and young adults were also affected. After adjusting for age, gender, geographical location, and employment status, the odds of having MM were significantly higher among middle-aged and older adults compared with adolescents and young adults (p < 0.001). Male sex, rural residence, and non-employment were also associated with MM (p < 0.05). Having >1 comorbidity was more likely in older (AOR = 15.72) and middle-aged (AOR = 9.63) adults than in younger groups, and in females versus males (AOR = 1.85; all p < 0.001). Conclusion: Asthma patients in Pakistan face a substantial MM burden influenced by sociodemographic factors, highlighting the need for patient-centered care.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.