Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42237355›Full record

ArticleBMC medicine2026

Mapping shared and specific cortical after-effects of repetitive TMS on brain function.

Yating Lv, Zijian Feng, Fengmei Fan, Jinhui Wang, Jingsong Wu, Zaixu Cui, Mingrui Xia, Gong-Jun Ji, Xiujuan Geng, Liyang Sai and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Yating LvDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
Zijian FengDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
Fengmei FanBeijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.
Jinhui WangInstitute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
Jingsong WuCollege of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.
Zaixu CuiChinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
Mingrui XiaState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
Gong-Jun JiDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
Xiujuan GengBrain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. gengx@cuhk.edu.hk.
Liyang SaiZhejiang Philosophy and Social Science, Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China. liyangsai@hznu.edu.cn.
Qihong ZouCenter for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China. zouqihong@pku.edu.cn.

Funding

Anhui Province Outstanding Youth Fund 2024AH020004Beijing Natural Science Foundation JQ23033Beijing United Imaging Research Institute of Intelligent Imaging Foundation CRIBJZD202101Medical and Health Science Program of Zhejiang Province 2025HY0687the Brain Science and Brain-like Intelligence Technology-National Science and Technology Major Project 2021ZD0200800the Construction Fund of Key Medical Disciplines of HangZhou 2025HZGF02the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China 32271111the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China 82371507the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China 82372034 and 81871427the STI2030-Major Projects 2022ZD0210800the Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China 31701002 and 8180418
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used to modulate brain activity and treat neurological and psychiatric disorders, yet how diverse stimulation protocols shape cortical function-and whether they share common principles-remains unclear.

methodsWe combined resting-state fMRI acquired before and after single-session rTMS across nine distinct protocols targeting specific cortical regions to comprehensively map changes in the local amplitude of hemodynamic fluctuations.

resultsWe found that after-effects co-varied across protocols, with similarity patterns constrained by structural and functional connectivity. Strikingly, a shared spatial pattern emerged across all protocols, closely aligned with the brain's sensory-association hierarchy. Both shared and protocol-specific effects exhibited significant correspondence with the distribution of neurotransmitter systems. Mapping to the Neurosynth cognitive atlas revealed many-to-many correspondences between rTMS effects and cognitive domains, primarily driven by stimulation of parietal and motor regions. These rTMS-induced changes also overlapped with functional abnormalities in major depressive disorder and Parkinson's disease, highlighting the parietal cortex as a potential transdiagnostic target. Key results were independently replicated in two datasets of multi-session rTMS.

conclusionsThese findings reveal a unified organizational framework for rTMS after-effects, grounded in cortical hierarchy, neurochemistry, and cognitive activations, offering potential guidance for neuromodulations of brain disorders.

Indexed as

BrainBrain MappingCerebral CortexTranscranial Magnetic StimulationFemaleHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleBrain disordersCognitionNeurotransmittersrTMSSensory-association

Identifiers

PMID42237355
PMCPMC13459924

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.