ArticleBMC oral health2026
Evaluation of irrigation activation techniques for root canal filling material removal in retreatment of 3D-printed curved canals.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of canal curvature on the removal of root canal filling material using different irrigation activation techniques in nonsurgical endodontic retreatment.
methodsA total of 117 standardized replica maxillary incisor teeth were fabricated using a three-dimensional (3D) printer and obturated with GuttaFlow. The samples were randomly assigned to nine groups (n = 13 per group) according to canal curvature (15°, 30°, and 45°) and irrigation protocol: conventional needle irrigation (CNI), sonic activation (EDDY), or ultrasonic irrigation activation (UIA). The residual filling material in the entire canal and apical third was quantitatively assessed as absolute volume (mm³) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and 3D Slicer software, and percentage values (%) were subsequently calculated relative to the total canal volume. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.05).
resultsCanal curvature significantly affected the volume of residual filling material (F = 16.40, p < 0.001), with greater curvature associated with greater residual volume. The mean residual volume in the apical third increased from 0.51 mm³ (7.82%) in the 15° group to 1.80 mm³ (27.60%) in the 45° group. No significant differences were observed among irrigation techniques (F = 2.44, p = 0.094).
conclusionsCanal curvature plays a decisive role in retreatment efficacy, particularly in the apical third, whereas the contribution of irrigation activation techniques appears limited under standardized conditions. Clinicians should consider canal curvature as a primary factor influencing retreatment outcomes and adapt irrigation strategies accordingly, especially in highly curved canals.
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