Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42232688›Full record

ArticleAddictive behaviors reports2026

Cluster analysis of conformity and social desirability: Association with use and problematic use of licit substances.

Rana Hatem, Sandrella Bou Malhab, Chadia Haddad, Hala Sacre, Aline Hajj, Fouad Sakr, Roy Eid, Georgia Chkayban, Clara Gerges, David Karam and 3 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Addictive behaviors reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Rana HatemInstitut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon.
Sandrella Bou MalhabInstitut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon.
Chadia HaddadInstitut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon.
Hala SacreInstitut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon.
Aline HajjInstitut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon.
Fouad SakrInstitut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon.
Roy EidFaculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon.
Georgia ChkaybanFaculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon.
Clara GergesInstitut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon.
David KaramFaculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon.
Marguerite GhostinFaculty of Medicine, Paris-Saclay University, le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
Dalal YoussefInstitut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon.
Pascale SalamehInstitut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Problematic Use of Licit Substances is an increasing public health concern in Lebanon, where political and economic instability, alongside cultural and religious diversity, may intensify risk behaviors, while social desirability and conformity can influence their reporting. This study aims to assess the profiles of participants related to social desirability and conformity pressures and their association with licit substance use and problematic use. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 460 adults in Lebanon (February-March 2025). Data on cigarette, waterpipe, and alcohol use were collected alongside validated measures of social desirability and conformity. A two-step cluster analysis was first conducted to determine the optimal number of clusters, followed by K-means clustering to classify participants based on their social desirability and conformity scores, with subsequent regression analyses examining sociodemographic and cluster membership correlation with substance use behaviors. Results: Three clusters emerged: Norm Internalizing Perfectionists ( Conclusion: Considering social desirability and conformity allows for more precise identification of problematic substance use clusters, guiding targeted prevention and intervention. This complex interplay of personality traits, cultural values, age, gender, and education highlights the need for culturally sensitive, gender-specific, and cluster-tailored public health and psychosocial interventions rather than universal approaches.

Indexed as

AlcoholCigaretteProblematic substance useProfilingSocial desirabilityWaterpipe

Identifiers

PMID42232688
PMCPMC13223954

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.