ArticleImaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)
Motor- and cognitive-dominant functional network adaptations supporting dual-task performance in older adults.
Article in Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.). The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Aging is associated with declines in both motor and cognitive functions, which are often examined using cognitive-motor dual-task paradigms. However, the functional brain network mechanisms supporting dual-task performance across these domains remain incompletely understood. We investigated 40 older adults (50-80 years) and 20 younger adults (20-40 years) who performed a motor single task (pedaling), a cognitive single task (Go/NoGo), and a combined cognitive-motor dual-task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a custom-built MRI-compatible pedaling device. Behaviorally, older adults showed significant dual-task costs in motor performance, whereas cognitive performance was relatively preserved. At the neural level, task-based functional connectivity revealed distinct patterns of age-related network reorganization. Cognitive-dominant networks showed relatively selective connectivity increases within frontal executive and motor-planning regions, consistent with compensatory recruitment supporting preserved cognitive dual-task performance. In contrast, motor-dominant networks exhibited broader reorganization, characterized by strengthened frontoparietal control circuits but weakened cerebello-parietal and sensorimotor pathways, pointing to reduced automaticity and increased reliance on central cognitive control. Multivariate brain-behavior analyses further revealed age-related differences in latent connectivity-behavior relationships. Motor-dominant networks in older adults showed greater dispersion and stronger coupling with behavioral variability, whereas cognitive-network patterns remained largely stable and overlapping across age groups. Motor response time variability, particularly under dual-task conditions, emerged as the strongest behavioral contributor to this latent brain-behavior dimension and was associated with connectivity in frontoparietal control and motor-planning regions. Together, these findings demonstrate that aging involves an asymmetric reorganization of large-scale networks, in which motor systems become increasingly dependent on cognitive control while cognitive systems remain comparatively resilient. This network-level account identifies motor variability and cognitive-motor interdependence as sensitive markers of aging-related brain changes, with implication for understanding why cognitive-motor abilities remain stable in some individuals while declining in others.
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