Characterization of the entry steps in diterpenoid alkaloid biosynthesis.

The diterpenoid alkaloids are a group of specialized metabolites where the terpenoid and alkaloid classes intersect, and which are found primarily within the Aconitum and Delphinium genera. While there is considerable interest in these compounds for their wide range of bioactivities, their structural complexity poses a significant challenge for chemical synthesis. Biosynthesis offers an appealing alternative for production; however, little progress has been made toward elucidation of their biosynthetic pathways. In this study, we employed a comparative transcriptomics approach to identify six enzymatic steps in the biosynthesis of atisinium, conserved across both Delphinium grandiflorum and Aconitum plicatum. Key to this pathway is a reductase which selectively incorporates ethanolamine over ethylamine into the diterpenoid scaffold. While the majority of diterpenoid alkaloids contain an ethylamine moiety, we demonstrated through isotope labeling in Aconitum callus cultures and a computational metabolomics approach that ethanolamine is, unintuitively, the preferred source of nitrogen for these metabolites. Identification of these enzymes and production of a key intermediate in a heterologous host paves the way for biosynthetic production of this group of metabolites with promise for medicinal applications.