ArticleBMC medical education2026
A novel virtual reality-based educational module to address gaps in morphine titration training among medical students.
Article in BMC medical education, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionEffective intravenous morphine titration is critical for managing severe pain, particularly during the ongoing opioid crisis. However, current medical curricula often lack adequate practical training in this area.
methodsThis study evaluated fifth-year medical students' theoretical knowledge and practical experience of intravenous morphine titration and developed a virtual reality simulation module to address educational gaps. Initially, students' self-perceived knowledge, practical skills, and confidence were assessed through subjective questionnaires, followed by an objective and quantitative questionnaire to evaluate theoretical knowledge. Based on identified gaps, a VR teaching module was developed using the Uptale platform, aligned with the second-cycle curriculum, and designed to enhance engagement and provide a realistic learning experience.
resultsSignificant knowledge gaps were identified among the 167 students tested: 80.83% reported understanding morphine titration, only 24.70% reported knowing how to perform it, and a mere 4% felt confident. The quantitative assessment highlighted deficiencies in knowledge regarding dilution, administration frequency, and monitoring of morphine titration. The VR teaching module, tested by 48 students, was developed to address these needs, featuring four progressively difficult patient scenarios covering key curriculum points for second-cycle students. The immersion questionnaire revealed high levels of spatial presence, affordance, and enjoyment in the VR environment. Most students agreed that the VR simulation effectively captured their attention and provided a realistic learning experience.
conclusionsThe study highlights substantial deficiencies in practical training for morphine titration in medical education. VR simulations may offer an immersive and engaging platform to bridge these gaps, allowing students to practice safely. Future research should explore the long-term impact of VR-based training on clinical performance and patient outcomes.
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