ArticleBMC infectious diseases2026
Climate-sensitive infectious diseases in transition: a scoping review of key diseases and their epidemiology, data applications and mechanism of outbreak response in Saudi Arabia.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundClimate-sensitive infectious diseases (CSID), of both vector- and water-borne diseases present growing public health concerns in Saudi Arabia. By virtue of the absence of evidence-based vaccine for most of these diseases, adequate management should primeirly rely on timely and reliable data integration, robust disease surveillance, and temporal and spatial vector control strategies.
objectiveThis scoping review aimed to examine the scale and scope of CSID in Saudi Arabia, with attempts to elicit all diseases' trends and patterns, the availability of associated epidemiological, entomological, meteorological and spatial data, vector control and response strategies and their reporting mechanism and essentially, if Saudi Arabia has implemented or exercised the use of Early Warning System And Response System (EWARS) for early prediction of these disease scenarios.
methodsA comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Infectious Disease Group. Despite no research time window was imposed, published studies from 2000 to 2023 were screened based on specified criteria. Graphical and numerical statistics were presented including summaries of all retrieved studies.
resultsA total of 30 studies were retained based on the study quality criteria, assessment of duplications and matching per key words. Dengue cases increased in recent times, particularly in the Western region, whereas malaria incidences declined, though imported cases remained a challenge. Leishmaniasis showed seasonal trends, while Rift Valley fever and cholera were less prevalent according to recent reports. Although disease surveillance data is available from national hub, there were gaps in the access and utilization of meteorological, entomological, and spatial data. The reporting and utilization of vector control interventional data was not apparent and no studies have documented the use of EWARS for prospective use neither demonstrated any attempts of implementation.
conclusionSaudi Arabia needs timely, accessible and integrated data frameworks, evidence-based vector control strategies and EWARS for more adequately guiding step-wise disease outbreak intervention. Mass gatherings like Hajj is unique to Saudi Arabia, which requires integrated measures to minimize disease transmission. Future efforts should prioritize the integration and coordination of relevant local entities to enhance disease prevention and response. CLINICAL TRIAL: Not applicable.
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