ArticleBritish journal of cancer2026
Risk factors and causes of early death in germ cell tumors: a Global Society for Rare GU tumors study.
Article in British journal of cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundGerm cell tumors (GCTs) are highly curable, yet a subset of patients with metastatic disease experience early death (ED) soon after starting first-line chemotherapy. These patients are underrepresented in trials, and risk factors remain unclear.
methodsWe performed a retrospective multicenter cohort study including adults ( ≥ 18 years) with metastatic GCT who died within 3 months of completing their last cycle of first-line chemotherapy. Primary outcomes were cause and timing of death; secondary endpoints included clinical predictors of acute respiratory failure (ARF) and very early death ( ≤ 30 days).
resultsAmong 102 patients (1.7% of treated cases), 69.6% had non-seminoma, 83.3% testicular primaries, and 67.6% poor-risk disease. Median time to death was 28 days (range, 2-179). Leading causes were ARF (34.1%), disease progression (16.7%), septic shock (15.7%), hemorrhage (12.7%), and cardiovascular events (4.0%). ARF correlated with > 50% lung involvement, dyspnoea, and haemoptysis, but not choriocarcinoma histology or bleomycin use. Mostly, ED (51%) was associated with liver metastases, massive lung involvement, β-hCG > 50,000 mIU/mL, ECOG 2-3, elevated neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and need for intensive care (all P < 0.05).
conclusionsEarly death in metastatic GCT, though rare, remains a critical clinical issue. Early identification, adapted induction regimens, and optimized supportive care may help prevent avoidable mortality.
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