Trial reportEuropean journal of clinical nutrition2026
Effect of okara and biovalorised okara consumption on postprandial amino acid response: a crossover randomised controlled trial.
Trial report in European journal of clinical nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03978104 (Impact of Okara and Bio-okara Food Product on Gut and Glycaemic Health in Middle-aged and Older Adults in Singapore), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Impact of Okara and Bio-okara Food Product on Gut and Glycaemic Health in Middle-aged and Older Adults in Singapore
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesOkara is a protein-rich food by-product that can be biovalorised with Rhizopus oligosporus to improve its protein digestibility and quality.
methodThis study investigated postprandial circulating amino acid changes following okara and biovalorised okara biscuits consumption in middle-aged and older Singaporean adults. Participants of the crossover study (n = 15) undertook 3 separate 2-h meal tolerance test with 100 g of control biscuits (C), biovalorised okara biscuits (RO), and autoclaved okara biscuits (AOK). The same recipe was applied across all biscuits, but with 20% wheat flour substitution for RO and AOK with the respective okara. Total and free amino acids of the biscuits and circulating free amino acids of the participants were analysed by cation-exchange chromatography. Incremental area under curve (iAUC) and peak concentrations of amino acids were assessed, with results presented as mean [95% confidence interval].
resultsWhile total biscuit amino acid content showed significantly greater quantities for RO and AOK compared to C, free amino acid content (nmol/g) was in the order of C < AOK < RO. Amino acid iAUC had no significant difference, as demonstrated with total amino acids iAUC (μmol/L·min) (P = 0.568, C: 23649 [13738, 33560], RO: 23284 [13374, 33195] & AOK: 17257 [7346, 27168]).
conclusionAmino acid digestion and absorption did not differ between okara-containing and control biscuits at the levels consumed in this study, potentiating the need for higher protein dosages, larger sample sizes, and longer trial durations for detecting discernable improvements. This trial was registered under www. CLINICALTRIAL: gov (NCT03978104, 25 May 2019).
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