ArticleScientific reports2026
Application and performance of bentonite-leonardite mixture for feed-derived nitrogen removal in freshwater aquaculture systems.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Ammonia accumulation is a major constraint in freshwater aquaculture systems with limited water exchange, particularly before biological filtration becomes fully effective. Therefore, low-cost physicochemical buffering strategies are needed to control total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) under practical production conditions. To address this issue, the present study evaluated to the combined effects of natural bentonite and leonardite on ammonia removal and pH regulation in aquaculture systems. The experiment was conducted in a controlled freshwater batch system without live fish, where ammonia was generated from a single addition of commercial fish feed and consisted of eight treatment groups (B: 3 g bentonite, BL1: 2.5 g bentonite + 0.5 g leonardite, BL2: 2 g B + 1 g L, BL3: 1.5 g B + 1.5 g L, BL4: 1 g B + 2 g L, BL5: 0.5 g B + 2.5 g L, L: 3 g L, C: Control (no adsorbent)), each conducted in triplicate. Commercial fish feed containing 47.5% crude protein served as the ammonia source for all experimental setups. Ammonia levels generated from uneaten feed residues in the aquaria were monitored over a 12-day period. In this study, pH values decreased as the amount of leonardite increased. Considering the unionized ammonia (NH
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