ReviewEmerging infectious diseases2026
Public Health Response to Toxigenic Respiratory Diphtheria Outbreaks at Correctional Facility, South Africa, 2023-2025.
Review in Emerging infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
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Abstract
Since 2023, there have been 3 outbreaks of toxigenic respiratory diphtheria at a correctional facility in Cape Town, South Africa. The first outbreak in October 2023 included 1 fatal case and 8 asymptomatic carriers testing positive for Corynebacterium diphtheriae. In December 2024, the second outbreak resulted in 1 case and 12 asymptomatic carriers. A third outbreak in February 2025, occurring 6 weeks after the second, resulted in 1 case and 14 asymptomatic carriers among inmates and staff. Contact tracing, antimicrobial prophylaxis, and vaccination campaigns were conducted with each outbreak. We outline public health responses to the 3 outbreaks and highlight key barriers and enablers for effective control in a highly mobile, densely populated correctional setting. Effective outbreak response in correctional facilities requires intersectoral collaboration and the development of adult vaccination guidelines for staff and inmates to prevent future vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks.
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