Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42229850›Full record

ArticleOphthalmology. Retina2026

Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Age-Related Macular Degeneration Incidence.

Shahin Hallaj, Takashi Nishida, Alireza Kamalipour, Christopher A Longhurst, William R Freeman, Sally L Baxter, Aaron Boussina

Abstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Ophthalmology. Retina, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Obesity and Eye Diseases.Nutrients · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Shahin HallajDivision of Ophthalmology Informatics and Data Science, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
Takashi NishidaViterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
Alireza KamalipourDivision of Ophthalmology Informatics and Data Science, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs Retina Center, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
Christopher A LonghurstDivision of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Joan & Irwin Jacobs Center for Health Innovation, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
William R FreemanViterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs Retina Center, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
Sally L BaxterDivision of Ophthalmology Informatics and Data Science, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Joan & Irwin Jacobs Center for Health Innovation, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
Aaron BoussinaDivision of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Joan & Irwin Jacobs Center for Health Innovation, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California. Electronic address: aboussina@health.ucsd.edu.

Funding

Bridge2AI:Salutogenesis Data Generation ProjectOT2OD032644 · OD · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI BAXTER, SALLY LIU, CHUTE, CHRISTOPHER G · 2022 to 2025
$32.7M
Vision BiostatisticsP30EY022589 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI Derek Stuart Welsbie · 2012 to 2026
$10.3M
Multi-modal Health Information Technology Innovations for Precision Management of GlaucomaDP5OD029610 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI BAXTER, SALLY LIU · 2020 to 2024
$2.1M
Multimodal Artificial Intelligence to Predict Glaucomatous Progression and Surgical InterventionR01EY034146 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI BAXTER, SALLY LIU, CHRISTOPHER, MARK · 2022 to 2025
$1.8M
Translational Vision Research Training at UCSDT32EY026590 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI ZANGWILL, LINDA M · 2016 to 2025
$854k
NEI NIH HHS P30 EY022589NEI NIH HHS R01 EY034146NEI NIH HHS T32 EY026590NIH HHS DP5 OD029610NIH HHS OT2 OD032644
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTo evaluate the association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) use and the incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and neovascular AMD (nAMD) among adults with diabetes.

designRetrospective, propensity score-matched cohort study.

participantsAdults with diabetes who initiated a GLP-1RA or another noninsulin antidiabetic agent. In Epic Cosmos, 2 797 686 GLP-1RA users were matched 1:1 to 2 797 686 active comparators.

methodsWe analyzed de-identified electronic health record data from Epic Cosmos and independently replicated the primary analyses in the University of California Health Data Warehouse. Individuals with prevalent AMD or nAMD and those with prior anti-VEGF treatment were excluded. One-to-one nearest-neighbor propensity score matching balanced demographics, diabetes duration, comorbidities, smoking, diabetic retinopathy, obesity, and eye-care utilization. Cumulative incidence at 1, 5, and 10 years was estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods, and adjusted associations were evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models.

main outcome measuresIncidence of any AMD and nAMD.

resultsIn the matched Epic Cosmos cohort (total N = 5 595 372), GLP-1RA use was associated with lower cumulative incidence of any AMD at 1 year (0.187% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.182%-0.192%] vs. 0.294% [95% CI, 0.287%-0.301%]), 5 years (0.924% [95% CI, 0.907%-0.941%] vs. 1.278% [95% CI, 1.260%-1.296%]), and 10 years (5.561% [95% CI, 4.719%-6.549%] vs. 6.540% [95% CI, 6.017%-7.108%]); all P < 0.001. Unadjusted cumulative incidence of nAMD was also lower among GLP-1RA users at 1 year (0.047% vs. 0.065%), 5 years (0.280% vs. 0.340%), and 10 years (1.874% vs. 2.393%); all P < 0.001. In multivariable Cox models, GLP-1RA use was independently associated with lower hazard of any AMD (hazard ratio [HR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.83-0.86; P < 0.001) and was not associated with an increased hazard of nAMD (HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.97-1.04; P = 0.79). In the independent University of California Health Data Warehouse cohort, GLP-1RA use was likewise associated with lower AMD incidence at 5 and 10 years, whereas nAMD incidence did not differ significantly between groups.

conclusionsAmong adults with diabetes, GLP-1RA use was associated with lower incident AMD and was not associated with increased nAMD risk. These findings provide reassurance regarding ocular safety and support a potential protective association for earlier AMD phenotypes. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsMacular DegenerationWet Macular DegenerationAgedFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansHypoglycemic AgentsIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsHypoglycemic AgentsAge-related macular degenerationGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonistsNeovascular.

Identifiers

PMID42229850
PMCPMC13629172

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.