Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42226146›Full record

ArticleBMC pediatrics2026

Early life factors and genetic interactions in allergic rhinitis: a genome-wide study.

Shi Huang, Ziyan Zhang, Hongting Zhang, Ke Qiu, Tao Shu, Wei Xu, Juan Meng, Yu Zhao, Jianjun Ren

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Shi Huang *Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Ziyan Zhang *Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Hongting Zhang *Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Ke QiuDepartment of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Tao ShuDepartment of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Wei XuDepartment of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Juan Meng *Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. mjmelinda@163.com.
Yu Zhao *Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. yuzhao@wchscu.edu.cn.
Jianjun Ren *Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Jianjun.Ren@scu.edu.cn.

Funding

the Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau 2022-YF05-01387-SNthe National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Z2023LC002the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province 2024NSFSC1510the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province 2024YFHZ0335the Sichuan Cadre Health Care Committee 2022-113
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEarly life factors play an important role in the development and progression of allergic rhinitis (AR), but their relationship and underlying genetic mechanisms still remains unclear.

methodsUsing cross-sectional data from the UK Biobank (UKB) and West China Hospital (WCH), we assessed the associations between nine early life factors-birth weight, body size and height at age 10, multiple births, maternal smoking around birth, breastfeeding, long-term/recurrent antibiotic usage as a child or teenager (LTRAU), cesarean delivery, and maternal age-and the development of AR through multivariable logistic regression models. We also conducted a genome-wide gene-environment interaction study (GWGEIS) to explore the correlation between polygenic risk scores (PRS) derived from GWGEIS and AR risk.

resultsIn both UKB and WCH cohorts, LTRAU (UKB cohort: OR = 1.49, P < 0.001; WCH cohort: OR = 2.18, P < 0.001), and born by cesarean delivery (UKB cohort: OR = 1.26, P = 0.0014; WCH cohort: OR = 1.47, P = 0.008) were identified as independent risk factors for AR. Notably, the association between cesarean delivery and an increased risk of AR was confined to female offspring who developed AR before the age of 16. In contrast, the detrimental effects of LTRAU remained significant in offspring who developed AR after the age of 16. Additionally, GWGEIS identified an interaction between the ATE1 gene and LTRAU (rs4752620, P = 2.51E-8, β = -0.30). Furthermore, the PRS derived from GWGEIS results was significantly associated with the risk of AR (OR = 1.06, P = 0.038).

conclusionsThese findings enhance our understanding of how early life factors, particularly LTRAU, and genetic factors synergistically affect AR risk, offering valuable insights for prevention and treatment strategies.

Indexed as

Gene-Environment InteractionRhinitis, AllergicAdolescentBirth WeightCesarean SectionChildCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleGenetic Risk ScoreGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansMaternal AgeRisk FactorsAllergic rhinitisAsthmaGenome-wide by environment interaction studiesRisk factors

Identifiers

PMID42226146
PMCPMC13440094

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.