A lack of clean drinking water is associated with lacking food and experiencing food safety threats in 121 countries across the globe.

Wändi Bruine de Bruin, Joshua Inwald, Rachael McDonnell, Sera L Young, Kayla de la Haye

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Nature food, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Wändi Bruine de BruinSchaeffer Institute for Public Policy and Government Service, Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. wandibdb@usc.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1601-789X

Joshua InwaldDornsife Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9848-7432

Rachael McDonnellInternational Water Management Institute, Rome, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0525-4582

Sera L YoungDepartment of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-1218

Kayla de la HayeDornsife Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Funding

Lloyd's Register Foundation (LRF) TWRP\100007National Science Foundation (NSF) 2125616

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Evidence for the co-occurrence of lacking food and clean drinking water is largely missing for high-income countries and has overlooked water's importance for food safety. Here we examined how lacking food and food safety covaried with lacking clean drinking water, using World Risk Poll data from 121 countries across country-income levels (N = 124,003). Lacking food for more than a day in the past year was associated with lacking clean drinking water for more than a day in the past year. Participants who lacked both food and clean water, or either alone (versus neither) were more likely to experience food safety threats and be concerned about food safety. Relationships held across country-income levels. Low-income countries (especially in Eastern Africa) and high-income countries (especially in Northern America) showed compounded effects of lacking food and clean drinking water on food safety. Worldwide, food insecurity, food safety and water insecurity should be addressed jointly.

Indexed as

Drinking WaterFoodFood SafetyFood SupplyDeveloping CountriesFood InsecurityHumansWater InsecurityWater SupplyDrinking Water

Identifiers

PMID42225971

DOI10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.03.009

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.