A multi-scale feature fusion gaze estimation model based on convolutional neural network and vision transformer.

To address ineffective feature fusion and feature loss in gaze estimation under unconstrained environments, this study proposes a multi-scale feature fusion model, CAF-ViT (Cross-Attention Fusion Vision Transformer). The model takes multi-scale face images as input, uses ResNet-18 to extract feature maps at different granularities, and introduces learnable Class Tokens per scale. In the fusion stage, Class Tokens of different scales first perform self-attention in their respective Transformer Encoders to aggregate local details and global semantics. Then, by swapping the token sequences and computing cross-attention, the model achieves bidirectional interaction and deep fusion of coarse- and fine-grained features. To further refine feature representation, an additional attention layer is added after cross-attention. It linearly transforms the original query vector with Sigmoid activation to generate new query weights, and linearly maps the attention output to new value vectors, improving the representation of task-relevant features. The fused Class Token is finally regressed to gaze direction via a multilayer perceptron. Experiments show estimation errors of [Formula: see text] on MPIIFaceGaze, representing an 8.6% improvement over the baseline hybrid CNN-Transformer, and errors of [Formula: see text] on EyeDiap and [Formula: see text] on Gaze360. Ablation studies validate the multi-scale fusion strategy and improved attention mechanism.