Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42223860›Full record

ArticleBehavior genetics2026

Genetic and Environmental Associations Between Processing Speed and Executive Functions Across Adolescence and Established Adulthood.

Mohini A Karhadkar, Naomi P Friedman, Chandra A Reynolds, Robin P Corley, Daniel E Gustavson

Abstract readTwin Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Behavior genetics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Mohini A KarhadkarInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA. Mohini.Karhadkar@colorado.edu.
Naomi P FriedmanInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
Chandra A ReynoldsInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
Robin P CorleyInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
Daniel E GustavsonInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.

Funding

Colorado Adoption/Twin Study of Lifespan behavioral development & cognitive aging (CATSLife2)R01AG046938 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO · PI REYNOLDS, CHANDRA A, WADSWORTH, SALLY J · 2015 to 2024
$18.5M
Neural Substrates of Executive Function: An fMRI Twin StudyR01MH063207 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER · PI FRIEDMAN, NAOMI P. · 2001 to 2018
$6.5M
Establishing if Music Engagement is a Protective Factor in Adolescent Substance Use Using Existing Longitudinal, Genetic, and Environmental DatasetsR01DA059804 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO · PI Daniel Gustavson · 2024 to 2026
$2.0M
NIA NIH HHS R01 AG046938NIA NIH HHS R01AG046938NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA059804NIDA NIH HHS R01DA059804NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH063207
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Processing speed (PS), the rate at which an individual can perform basic cognitive tasks, and executive functions (EFs), cognitive abilities regulating thoughts and action, are key cognitive abilities related to important life outcomes. We investigated the relationship between PS and multiple EFs (a common factor and two factors specific to updating working memory and shifting mental sets) across adolescence (M age = 17.26 years, SD = 0.68) and established adulthood (M age 29.34 years, SD = 1.29). 797 individual twins (MZ = 428, DZ = 369) in the Colorado Longitudinal Twin Study completed 3 PS tasks and 6-9 EF tasks. PS

Indexed as

Executive FunctionProcessing SpeedAdolescentAdultCognitionFemaleGene-Environment InteractionHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMemory, Short-TermTwins, DizygoticTwins, MonozygoticCognitive trajectoriesExecutive functionsGenetic correlationGenetic influencesProcessing speedTwin study

Identifiers

PMID42223860
PMCPMC13333102

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.